After re-equipping with C130E Hercules in 1966, 37 Squadron began flying long-range transport missions in support of Australian force's in Vietnam. Apart from the usual troops and equipment, specially rigged Hercules crewed by aero-medical evacuation teams, conveyed wounded soldiers back to Australia.

After the Vietnam War, 37 Squadron continued to fly throughout the region with regular ports of call in Malaysia, Singapore and New Zealand. Civil aid and humanitarian tasks have also played a major part in the Unit's operation - notably the squadrons role in the evacuation and supply of Cyclone devastated Darwin and the large scale movement of civilian's around Australia during a protracted dispute amongst domestic pilots.